General shortcuts for windows ,linux and unix


General shortcuts
Action
Activate current application's Menu bar
Alt
With full keyboard access active:[1][2]
Ctrl+F2 (or Fn+Ctrl+F2 on some keyboards)

Meta+`
Alt+F
Ctrl+F2, then F
Alt+F
Meta+`, then f
Alt+E
Ctrl+F2, then E
Alt+E
Meta+`, then e
View menu
Alt+V
Ctrl+F2, then V
Alt+V

Undo the last operation
Ctrl+Z
⌘ Cmd+Z
Ctrl+Z
Ctrl+x, then u
or Ctrl+/
or Ctrl+_
or Undo
Redo the last operation
Ctrl+Y
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+Z
⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Z
Same as undo, when undo is exhausted, it redoes. Move the cursor after one or more undos, and further undos will be redos.
Cut the selected area and store it in the clipboard
Ctrl+X or ⇧ Shift+Del
⌘ Cmd+X
Ctrl+X
Ctrl+w
Copy the selected area into the clipboard
Ctrl+C, or Ctrl+Ins
⌘ Cmd+C
Ctrl+C
Meta+w, or Ctrl+Ins
Paste contents of clipboard at cursor
Ctrl+V, or ⇧ Shift+Ins
⌘ Cmd+V
Ctrl+V
Ctrl+y, or ⇧ Shift+Ins, or
Paste special
Ctrl+Alt+V

Ctrl+⇧ Shift+V
Meta+y
Select everything in focused control or window
Ctrl+A
⌘ Cmd+A
Ctrl+A
Ctrl+x, then h
Toggle among installed keyboard languages
⇧ Shift+Alt
⌘ Cmd+Space
Configure desired keypress in Keyboard and Mouse Preferences, Keyboard Shortcuts, Select the next source in Input menu.[3]
Ctrl+Alt+K via KDE Keyboard Layout Switcher keybinding component for KDE
Ctrl+\
[edit] Navigation
Action
Run new application
⊞ Win, enter executable name or
⊞ Win+R, enter executable name
⌘ Cmd+Space, enter application name
Alt+F2

Open new browser window with same page as current
Alt+( D then ↵ Enter )
Ctrl+N (Explorer / Internet Explorer)
⌘ Cmd+N (Non-default user option in Safari)


Applications menu
⊞ Win or
Ctrl+Esc
At any time with full keyboard access active:[1]
Ctrl+F3 or Fn+Ctrl+F3 While in the Finder: ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+A[2]
Alt+F1

Lock desktop
⊞ Win+L
Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[4][5]
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Eject[6]
Ctrl+Alt+L

Show desktop
⊞ Win+D or
⊞ Win+M (then use ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+M to bring back all windows)
⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+H
Ctrl+Alt+D

Switch active user
⊞ Win+L[7]

Ctrl+Alt+L (KDE)

Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Esc, Ctrl+Alt+Delete[8]
⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+Esc
Ctrl+Esc (KDE)

Rename object
F2
↵ Enter
F2

Open file or program
↵ Enter
⌘ Cmd+O


Switch to next/previous focused window
Alt+Tab ⇆ /
⇧ Shift+Alt+Tab ⇆
⌘ Cmd+Tab ⇆ /
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+Tab ⇆
Alt+Tab ⇆ /
⇧ Shift+Alt+Tab ⇆ (GNOME)
Ctrl+x, then b
Switch focus to the next/previous window (without dialog)
Alt+Esc /
⇧ Shift+Alt+Esc
⌘ Cmd+` (current app) or Ctrl+F4 (all apps)
(or Fn+Ctrl+F4 on some keyboards)
Alt+Esc (GNOME) /
⇧ Shift+Alt+Esc/mini (GNOME)
Ctrl+x, then o
Open the Run dialog box
⊞ Win+R

Alt+F2 (GNOME)
Meta+!
Open the Search dialog box
⊞ Win, enter executable name or
⊞ Win+F
⌘ Cmd+Space (quick mode) or
⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+Space (advanced mode)

Meta+x, then find-grep, then Ret
Change input orientation of "Search programs and files" field in Start Menu
Ctrl+L (left) Ctrl+R (right) Ctrl+E (center)



[edit] Power management
Action
Place computer into sleep/standby mode
Sleep (available on some keyboards, configurable in Power Options dialog)
⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Eject[2]
Sleep (available on some keyboards, configurable)
Shutdown computer

Ctrl+⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Eject
(no confirmation, shutdown is immediate)
Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+PageDown
(KDE; no confirmation, shutdown is immediate)
Restart computer

Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+Eject[2]
(no confirmation, restart is immediate)
Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+PageUp
(KDE; no confirmation, restart is immediate)
Place display in sleep mode

Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Eject

Bring up power/sleep dialog box
Alt+F4 (while on Desktop only)
Ctrl+Eject

[edit] Screenshots
Action
Save screenshot of entire screen as file

⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+3
Print Screen
Copy screenshot of entire screen to clipboard
Print Screen or Ctrl+Print Screen
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+3

Save screenshot of window as file

⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then Space
Alt+Print Screen (GNOME)
Copy screenshot of window to clipboard
Alt+Print Screen
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then Space

Copy screenshot of arbitrary area to clipboard

Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4

Save screenshot of arbitrary area as file

⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4

[edit] Text editing
Many of these commands may be combined with ⇧ Shift to select a region of text.[9]
Action
Delete char to the right of cursor
Del
Del or Fn+← Backspace
Del
Del, or Ctrl+d
Delete word to the right of cursor
Ctrl+Del
⌥ Opt+Del or
⌥ Opt+ Fn+← Backspace
Ctrl+Del
Meta+d
Delete word to the left of cursor
Ctrl+← Backspace
⌥ Opt+← Backspace
Ctrl+← Backspace
Ctrl+← Backspace, or Meta+← Backspace
Go to start of line
Home
⌘ Cmd+← or Ctrl+A
Home
Ctrl+a, or Home
Go to end of line
End
⌘ Cmd+→ or Ctrl+E
End
Ctrl+e, or End
Go to start of document
Ctrl + Home
⌘ Cmd+↑
Ctrl + Home
Meta+<, or Ctrl+Home
Go to end of document
Ctrl + End
⌘ Cmd+↓
Ctrl + End
Meta+>, or Ctrl+End
Go to previous word
Ctrl+←
⌥ Opt+←
Ctrl+←
Meta+b, or Ctrl+←, or Meta+←
Go to next word
Ctrl+→
⌥ Opt+→
Ctrl+→
Meta+f, or Ctrl+→, or Meta+→
Go to previous line
↑
↑
↑
Ctrl+p, or ↑
Go to next line
↓
↓
↓
Ctrl+n, or ↓
Go to previous line break (paragraph)
Ctrl+↑
⌥ Opt+↑
Ctrl+↑ (kword or GNOME)
Meta+'{', or Control+↑
Go to next line break
Ctrl+↓
⌥ Opt+↓
Ctrl+↓ (kword or GNOME)
Meta+'}', or Control+↓
Go to search
Ctrl+F
⌘ Cmd+F
⌘ Cmd+E (Search with current selection)
Ctrl+F
Ctrl+K (GNOME; interactive search)
Ctrl+s
Go to next search result
F3
⌘ Cmd+G
Ctrl+G (GNOME)
Ctrl+s
Go to previous search result
⇧ Shift+F3
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+G
⇧ Shift+Ctrl+G (GNOME)
Ctrl+r
Search and replace
Ctrl+H
⌘ Cmd+F
Ctrl+H (GNOME)
Meta+%



Ctrl+Meta+s
Search and replace a regular expression



Ctrl+Meta+%,
[edit] Text formatting
Action
Make selected text bold/regular
Ctrl+B
⌘ Cmd+B
Ctrl+B

Toggle underlining of selected text
Ctrl+U
⌘ Cmd+U
Ctrl+U

Make selected text italic/regular
Ctrl+I
⌘ Cmd+I
Ctrl+I

Change to upper/lower case
⇧ Shift+F3 (Office products only?)
⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+C

Meta+u for upper,
Meta+l for lower, Meta+c for capitalized.
Make selected text superscript
Ctrl+⇧ Shift++
Ctrl+⌘ Cmd++ (Pages only?)


Make selected text subscript
Ctrl++
Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+- (Pages only?)


[edit] Browsers / Go menu
Action
Go to Browser
Alt+D or Alt+C
according language
⌘ Cmd+L

Go to the previous location in history
Alt+← or ← Backspace
⌘ Cmd+[ or ⌘ Cmd+←
Alt+←
Go to the next location in history
Alt+→ or ⇧ Shift+← Backspace (web browser only)
⌘ Cmd+] or ⌘ Cmd+→
Alt+→
Go up one level in the navigation hierarchy
Alt+↑(Vista and 7 only) or ← Backspace(Windows Explorer)
⌘ Cmd+↑
Alt+↑
Go to the starting page defined by the user or application
Alt+Home
⌘ Cmd+Home
Ctrl+Home (KDE) /
Alt+Home (GNOME)
[edit] Web browsers
Action
Bookmarks menu
Ctrl+B
⌘ Cmd+B (Firefox)
Alt+B
v
URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .com)
Control+↵ Enter
⌘ Cmd+↵ Enter (Firefox)
Control+↵ Enter

URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .org)
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+↵ Enter (Firefox)
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter

URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .net)
⇧ Shift +↵ Enter
⇧ Shift +↵ Enter (Firefox)
⇧ Shift +↵ Enter

Add bookmark for current page
Ctrl+D
⌘ Cmd+D
Ctrl+B /
Ctrl+D
a
Add bookmark for current link



Meta+a
Manage bookmarks
Ctrl+B
⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+B (Chrome/Safari) or
⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+B (Firefox)
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R /
Ctrl+B

Web search
Ctrl+E
⌘ Cmd+E (Opera) or
⌘ Cmd+K (Firefox) or
⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+F (Safari)


Focus and select address bar
Ctrl+L or F6 or Alt+D
⌘ Cmd+L
Ctrl+L or F6
g
Refresh a webpage
F5 or Ctrl+R
⌘ Cmd+R
F5 or Ctrl+R
R
Open a new window
Ctrl+N
⌘ Cmd+N (Chrome)
Ctrl+N

Zoom Options (zoom in +, zoom out -, zoom 100%)
Ctrl++ and Ctrl+- and Ctrl+0
⌘ Cmd++ and ⌘ Cmd+- and ⌘ Cmd+0
Ctrl++ and Ctrl+- and Ctrl+0

[edit] Tab management
Action
Create a new tab
Ctrl+T
⌘ Cmd+T
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T or Ctrl+T
Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+t
Close current tab
Ctrl+W
⌘ Cmd+W
Ctrl+W or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+W[verification needed] or Ctrl+F4 (GNOME?)
Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+w
Close all tabs but the current one



Ctrl+c, then Meta+w
Go to next tab
Ctrl+Tab ⇆
⌘ Cmd+} or ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+→ (Safari)
Ctrl+PageDown or Ctrl+Tab ⇆ or Ctrl+.
Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+n
Go to previous tab
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆
⌘ Cmd+{ or ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+← (Safari)
Ctrl+PageUp or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆ or Ctrl+,
Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+p
Open a previously closed tab
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T
⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+T (Firefox/Opera/Chrome)


[edit] Window management
Action
Pop up window menu
Alt+Space

Alt+F3
Alt+Space
Ctrl+`, then b
Close the focused window
Alt+F4 or Ctrl+F4 or Ctrl + W or Alt+Space then C[10]
⌘ Cmd+W
Alt+F4
Alt+F4
Ctrl+x, then k
Restore the focused window to its previous size
Alt+Space then R[10]


Alt+F5
Ctrl+x, then r, then j, then letter of the window state register.
Move the focused window
Alt+Space then M[10] then Arrow Keys

Alt+Mouse /
Alt+F3 then M then Arrow Keys
Alt+Mouse /
Alt+F7 then Arrow Keys

Resize the focused window
Alt+Space then S[10] then Arrow Keys

Alt+F3 then S then Arrow Keys
Alt+F8 then Arrow Keys
Ctrl+x, then ^ vertically
Hide the focused window

⌘ Cmd+H


Meta+x, then bury-buffer RET, then Ret
Minimize the focused window
Alt+Space then N[10], or ⊞ Win+↓ (Windows 7 and Vista Home Premium)
⌘ Cmd+M
Alt+F3 then N
Alt+F9
Meta+x, then bury-buffer RET, then Ret
Maximize the focused window
Alt+Space then X[10], or ⊞ Win+↑ (Windows 7 only)

Alt+F3 then X
Alt+F10
Ctrl+x, then 1
Maximize horizontally


Available, but no default
Available, but no default

Maximize vertically
⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+↑ (Windows 7 only)

Available, but no default
Available, but no default

Minimize all
⊞ Win+M or ⊞ Win+D
⌘ Cmd+Alt+M
Available, but no default
Ctrl+Alt+D

Minimize all non focused windows
⊞ Win+Home (Windows 7 only)

Available, but no default


Undo minimize all
⇧ Shift+⊞ Win+M

Available, but no default
Ctrl+Alt+D

Switch fullscreen/normal size
F11

F11
F11

Show the window in full screen mode, with no border, menubar, toolbar or statusbar

Depends on application
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+F
Ctrl+F11

Rollup/down window


Available, but no default
Alt+F12

Show all open windows

F9 or
Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[4][5]


Ctrl+x, then Ctrl+b
Show all windows of current application

F10 or
Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[4][5]


Ctrl+x, then Ctrl+b
Show all workspaces

F8 or
Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[4][5]



Move window to left/right/up/down workspace
⊞ Win+←/→ (Windows 7 only)


Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+
← / → / ↑ / ↓

Move window to workspace n


Available, but no default


Switch to next/previous workspace list


'Available, but no default


Go to workspace n

Ctrl+n
Ctrl+Fn


Go to left/right/up/down workspace
Ctrl+← /
Ctrl+→ / Ctrl+↑ / Ctrl+↓ (OS X 10.5 or later)

Ctrl+Alt+← /
→ / ↑ / ↓

Show / hide desktop
⊞ Win+D
F11 or
Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[4][5]
Ctrl+Alt+D
Ctrl+Alt+D user specific, no default

Activate window demanding attention





Quit application of current window
Alt+F4 or Ctrl+F4 varies[12]
⌘ Cmd+Q[13]
Ctrl+Alt+Esc

q
Close dialog
Esc
Esc



Open/Focus (preview) pinned program on the taskbar
⊞ Win+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Windows 7 Taskbar (Windows 7 only)




Open new program window of pinned program in Quick Launch
⊞ Win+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Quick Launch toolbar (Windows Vista and 7)




Open new program window of the pinned program on the taskbar (if program is already opened)
⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Windows 7 Taskbar (Windows 7 only)




Focus the first taskbar entry. Pressing again will cycle through them
⊞ Win+T , you can ←→ back and forth. Hold ⇧ Shift to cycle backwards (Windows 7 only)




Peek at the desktop
⊞ Win+Space (Windows 7 only)
F11 or
Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[4][5]



Bring gadgets to the front of the Z-order and cycle between gadgets
⊞ Win+G (Windows Vista,7) or ⊞ Win+Space (Vista only, no cycling)




External display options (mirror, extend desktop, etc.)
⊞ Win+P (Windows 7 only)




[edit] User interface navigation (widgets and controls)
Action
Moves keyboard focus to next/previous control
Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆
Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆
Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆
Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆
Ctrl+Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Tab ⇆
Pop up tooltip for currently focused control
⇧ Shift+F1


Ctrl+F1
Show context-sensitive help for currently focused window or control
⇧ Shift+F1
⌘ Cmd+?
⇧ Shift+F1
⇧ Shift+F1
Give focus to next/previous pane
Ctrl+F6 / Alt+F6
⌘ Cmd+`

F6 / ⇧ Shift+F6
Give focus to splitter bar in paned window



F8
Give focus to window's menu bar
F10 or Alt
Ctrl+F2
(or Fn+Ctrl+F2 on some keyboards)
Alt
F10
Pop up contextual menu for currently selected objects (aka context menu)
⇧ Shift+F10 or ≣ Menu
Varies with laptop / extended keyboard type; enable Mouse keys in Universal Access, then Function+Ctrl+5 or Ctrl+5 (numeric keypad) or Function+Ctrl+i (laptop)
≣ Menu
⇧ Shift+F10
Toggle selected state of focused checkbox, radio button, or toggle button
Space
Space
Space
Space
Activate focused button, menu item etc.
↵ Enter
Space (also ↵ Enter for menu items)
↵ Enter
↵ Enter
Select/move to first/last item in selected widget


Home / End
Home / End
Scroll selected view by one page up/left/down/right

⇞ / ⇟
(or Fn+↑}+Fn+↓ on some keyboards)

PageUp / Ctrl+PageUp /
PageDown / Ctrl+PageDown
Scroll selected view to top/bottom

↖ or on MacBook Pro Fn + ⌥ Opt + ↖
↘ or on MacBook Pro Fn + ⌥ Opt + ↘


Switch focus to the next/previous tab within a window
Ctrl+Tab ⇆
Ctrl+Tab ⇆ /
⌘ Cmd+`


Switch focus to the next/previous panel on the desktop



Ctrl+Alt+Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Alt+Tab ⇆
Switch focus to the next/previous panel (without dialog)



Ctrl+Alt+Esc /
⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Alt+Esc
[edit] Command line shortcuts
Below is a list of common keyboard shortcuts that are used in a command line environment.
Action
Microsoft Windows
(
cmd.exe)
Microsoft Windows
(
Windows PowerShell)
Unix/Linux/Mac OS X
(
bash)
Unix/Linux/Mac OS X
(
POSIX shell)
Scroll through History of typed commands
↑/↓
↑/↓
↑/↓ or Ctrl+P/Ctrl+N
ESC K/ESC J
Signal end-of-file
Ctrl+Z

Ctrl+D

Abort current command/typing
Ctrl+C
Ctrl+C
Ctrl+C
Ctrl+C
Erase word to the left


Ctrl+W

Erase word to the right


Alt+D

Erase line to the left
Ctrl+Home

Ctrl+U

Erase line to the right
Ctrl+End
Ctrl+End
Ctrl+K

Yank/paste previously erased string


Ctrl+Y

Move one word to the left (backward)
Ctrl+←
Ctrl+←
Alt+B

Move one word to the right (forward)
Ctrl+→
Ctrl+→
Alt+F

Move to beginning of line
Home
Home
Ctrl+A

Move to end of line
End
End
Ctrl+E

Reverse search of history
F7
F8
Ctrl+R

Stop execution of the current job


Ctrl+Z

Insert the next character typed verbatim


Ctrl+V

Autocomplete command/file name
Tab ⇆ (enabled by default in Windows XP and later)
Tab ⇆
Tab ⇆ (usually once)
Esc (usually twice)
Scroll window up
⇧ Shift+PageUp (may not work in some versions of Windows XP)

⇧ Shift+PageUp

Scroll window down
⇧ Shift+PageDown (may not work in some versions of Windows XP)

⇧ Shift+PageDown

[edit] Accessibility
In Windows, it is possible to disable these shortcuts using the Accessibility or Ease of Access control panel.
Action
Utility Manager
⊞ Win+U



Use keyboard to control cursor
(Left Alt+Left Shift+Numlock



Allow user to press shortcuts one key at a time
(⇧ Shift 5 times)



Hear beep when -lock key pressed
(Numlock for 5 seconds)



Stop/slow repeating characters when key is pressed
(Right Shift for 8 seconds)



Inverse (Reverse Colors) Mode
Left Alt+Left Shift+PrtScn
⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+Ctrl+8


[edit] User interface shortcuts
Below is a list of common keyboard shortcuts that are used to select a User interface (UI).
Action
Microsoft Windows
Linux
X11
Mac OS X
CLI

Ctrl+Alt+F1 to Ctrl+Alt+F6

GUI

Usually Ctrl+Alt+F7 or Ctrl+Alt+F8

GPU enhanced GUI




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